Source+Three

Van Der Kolk, Bessel A. "The Compulsion to Repeat the Trauma - Re-enactment, Revictimization, and Masochism." //Psychiatric Clinics of North America // 12.2 (1989): 389 411. //The Circumcision Information and Resource Pages //. The Circumcision Reference Library, 17 Oct. 2008. Web. 9 Aug. 2012. .

1. Many traumatized people expose themselves, seemingly compulsively, to situations reminiscent of the original trauma.

2. Re-enactment of victimization is a major cause of violence. Many criminals have often been physically or sexually abused as children.

3. Green found that 41% of his sample of abused children engaged in headbanging, biting, burning, and cutting.

4. Clinical reports also consistently show that self-mutilators have childhood histories of physical or sexual abuse, or repeated surgeries.

5. Victims of rape are more likely to be raped and women who were physically abused are more likely to be abused as adults [revictimization].

6. Victims of childhood sexual abuse are at high risk of becoming prostitutes.

7. Abused men and boys tend to identify with the aggressor and later victimize others, whereas abused women are prone to become attached to abusive men who allow themselves and their offspring to be victimized further.

8. Ironically, victims of rape who blame themselves have a better prognosis than those who do not assume this false responsibility: it allows the locus of control to remain internal and prevent hopelessness.

9. Anger directed against the self or others is always a central problem in the life of people who have been violated.

10. During the abuse, victims tend to dissociate emotionally that the incident is really happening.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">11. At least four studies of family violence have found a direct relationship between the severity of childhood physical abuse and later marital violence.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">12. People who are exposed to early abuse or neglect come to expect it as a way of life.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">13. Studies in the Wisconsin primate laboratory have shown that, even after an initial good social adjustment, heightened emotional or physical arousal causes social withdrawal or aggression.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">14. Some traumatized people remain preoccupied with the trauma at the expense of other life experiences, and continue to recreate the trauma in some form for themselves or others.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">15. Thus acts of violence that the perpetrator regards as horrible may, in fact, produce somatic calm.